Methods and systems for reducing spillover by measuring a crest factor

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture for reducing spillover in a media monitoring system are disclosed. An example method includes comparing a first crest factor stored in association with a media identifier to a second crest factor calculated by a first meter, the second crest factor corresponding to a ratio of a peak amplitude of an audio signal and a root mean square value of the audio signal. The example method also includes determining that spillover did not occur if a difference between the first crest factor and the second crest factor satisfies a threshold, and when the spillover did not occur, crediting a media exposure to media associated with the audio signal.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent arises from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/782,895, filed Mar. 1, 2013, granted as U.S. Pat. No. ______ and which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to media monitoring and, more particularly, to methods and systems for reducing spillover by measuring a crest factor.

BACKGROUND

Audience measurement of media, such as television, music, movies, radio, Internet websites, streaming media, etc., is typically carried out by monitoring media exposure of panelists that are statistically selected to represent particular demographic groups. Using various statistical methods, the captured media exposure data is processed to determine the size and demographic composition of the audience(s) for programs of interest. The audience size and demographic information is valuable to advertisers, broadcasters and/or other entities. For example, audience size and demographic information is a factor in the placement of advertisements, as well as a factor in valuing commercial time slots during a particular program.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system including an example spillover manager implemented in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure to manage spillover to reduce media monitoring inaccuracies in the system.

FIG. 2A illustrates an example implementation of an example meter of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example audio waveform analyzed by the example meter of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example implementation of the example spillover manager of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example spillover manager of FIGS. 1 and/or 3.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example meter of FIGS. 1 and/or 2.

FIG. 6 is another flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example spillover manager of FIGS. 1 and/or 3.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example processor platform that may be used to execute the instructions of FIGS. 4, 5, and/or 6 to implement the example meter 106 of FIG. 2A, the example spillover manager of FIG. 3, and/or, more generally, the example system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Audience measurement companies enlist persons to participate in measurement panels. Such persons (e.g., panelists) agree to allow the audience measurement company to measure their exposure to media (e.g., television programming, radio programming, Internet, advertising, signage, outdoor advertising, etc.). In order to credit media monitoring data with panelist exposure, the audience measurement company monitors media device(s) and/or panelist(s) using meters.

In some examples, meters (e.g., stationary meters) are placed with and/or near media presentation devices (e.g., televisions, stereos, speakers, computers, etc.) within a home or household. For example, a meter may be placed in a room with a television and another meter may be placed in a different room with another television. In some examples, personal portable metering devices (PPMs), which are also known as portable metering devices or portable personal meters, are used to monitor media exposure of panelists. A PPM is an electronic device that is typically worn (e.g., clipped to a belt or other apparel) or carried by a panelist. The term “meter” as used herein refers generally to stationary meters and/or portable meters.

In general, meters are configured to use a variety of techniques to monitor media presentations at media presentation devices and/or exposure of panelists to media presentations. For example, one technique for monitoring media exposure involves detecting or collecting information (e.g., codes (e.g., watermarks), signatures, etc.) from media signals (e.g., audio and/or video signals) that are emitted or presented by media presentation devices.

As media is presented, a meter may receive media signals (e.g., via a microphone) associated with the media and may detect media (e.g., audio and/or video) information associated with the media to generate media monitoring data. In general, media monitoring data may include any information that is representative of (or associated with) media and/or that may be used to identify a particular media presentation (e.g., a song, a television program, a movie, a video game, an advertisement, etc.). For example, the media monitoring data may include signatures that are collected or generated by the meter based on the media, audio codes that are broadcast simultaneously with (e.g., embedded in) the media, etc. Each meter may receive different media signals based on the media presented on the media presentation devices to which panelists are exposed.

Media monitoring systems may also include one or more people meters to identify panelists in a monitored audience. Identifying the panelists in the audience allows mapping of their demographics to the media. Panelists provide their demographic information when they agree to be monitored by the audience measurement system. Any method of people metering may be employed. For example, the people metering may be active in that it requires panelists to periodically self-identify by, for instance, entering an identifier corresponding to their name, or it may be passive in that electronics (e.g., video cameras) may be used to identify and/or count persons in the audience. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,853, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for an example people metering solution.

A panelist home may present unique monitoring challenges to the meters. For example, a panelist home often includes multiple media presentation devices, each configured to present media to specific viewing and/or listening areas located within the home. Known meters that are located in one of the viewing and/or listening areas are typically configured to detect any media being presented in the viewing and/or listening area and to credit the media as having been presented. Thus, known meters operate on the premise that any media detected by the meter is media that was presented in that particular viewing and/or listening area. However, in some cases, a meter may detect media that is emitted by a media presentation device that is not located within the viewing or listening proximity of a panelist being monitored thereby causing the detected media to be improperly credited to the panelist currently associated with the monitored area (via, for example, a people meter). The ability of the meter to detect media being presented outside of the viewing and/or listening proximity of the panelist is referred to as “spillover” because the media being presented outside of the viewing and/or listening proximity of the panelist is “spilling over” into the area occupied by the meter and may not actually fall within the attention of the panelist. Spillover may occur, for example, when a television in a particular room is powered off, but a meter associated with that television detects media being presented on a media presentation device in a different room. In such an example, the meter improperly credits the media as being presented.

Another effect, referred to as “hijacking,” occurs when a meter detects different media being presented at multiple media presentation devices at the same time. For example, a meter in a kitchen may detect a particular media program being presented on a media presentation device in the kitchen, but the meter may also detect a different media program that is being presented on a different media presentation device in a living room. In such an example, the media presented by the media presentation device in the living room may, in some cases, have signals that overpower or “hijack” the signals associated with the media being presented by the media presentation device in the kitchen. As a result, the meter in the kitchen may inaccurately credit the media being presented in the living room and fail to credit the media being presented in the kitchen. In some examples, other difficulties such as varying volume levels, varying audio/video content type (e.g., sparse, medium, rich, etc.), varying household transmission characteristics due to open/closed doors, movement and/or placement of furniture, acoustic characteristics of room layouts, wall construction, floor coverings, ceiling heights, etc. may exacerbate these issues and, thus, lead to inaccurate media presentation detection by meters.

Example methods and systems disclosed herein may be used to manage audio spillover and/or other sources of media monitoring inaccuracies in the course of presentations of media to more accurately assess the exposure of panelists to that media. Example methods and systems may be used to prevent audio spillover from adversely affecting results of media monitoring. Some example methods and systems analyze media monitoring data to determine if audio spillover has occurred. In some such examples, if audio spillover has not occurred, the media is credited as actual media exposure (e.g., a panelist has been exposed to the media). If audio spillover has occurred, the media is not credited as an actual media exposure.

Example methods and systems disclosed herein detect signal spillover by analyzing crest factors associated with media presentations (e.g., crest factors of audio signal waveforms representative of media presentations). As used herein, a crest factor is defined to be a measurement of a waveform which is calculated from a peak amplitude of the waveform divided by a root mean square (RMS) value of the waveform. Particular media presentations (e.g., particular media content and/or advertisements) have particular crest factors associated with them (e.g., a particular crest factor may be expected from a particular media presentation). A crest factor expected from a particular media presentation is referred to herein as an expected crest factor. In some examples, a meter monitoring a media presentation from a proximate media presentation device may analyze a waveform of the media presentation and calculate a received crest factor. In some examples, the received crest factor is compared to the expected crest factor to determine if spillover has occurred. For example, the received crest factor may be different from the expected crest factor (e.g., reduced) when the audio has traveled a larger distance than expected, the audio has been transmitted through different rooms (e.g., the signal has bounced off of walls, traveled through a wall, a ceiling, or a floor, etc.), etc. If the received crest factor is similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., within a threshold amount), it is determined that spillover has not occurred. If the received crest factor is not similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., within a threshold amount), it is determined that spillover has occurred. In some examples, when it is determined that spillover has occurred, the media presentation is not credited as an actual media exposure.

An example method includes identifying media associated with media monitoring data. The media monitoring data is received from a first meter associated with a first media presentation device. The example method includes identifying an expected crest factor associated with the media. The example method includes comparing the expected crest factor to a received crest factor to determine if spillover occurred. The received crest factor is received from the first meter. The example method includes crediting the media as a media exposure if spillover did not occur.

An example spillover manager disclosed herein includes a crest factor comparator to identify media associated with media monitoring data. The media monitoring data is received from a meter associated with a media presentation device. The example crest factor comparator is to identify an expected crest factor associated with the media. The example crest factor comparator is to compare the expected crest factor to a received crest factor to determine if spillover occurred. The received crest factor is received from the meter. The example spillover manager includes a media creditor to credit the media with an exposure if spillover did not occur and to not credit the media with an exposure if spillover did occur.

An example tangible computer readable storage medium disclosed herein comprises instructions that, when executed, cause a computing device to identify media associated with media monitoring data. The media monitoring data is received from a first meter associated with a first media presentation device. The example instructions cause the computing device to identify an expected crest factor associated with the media. The example instructions cause the computing device to compare the expected crest factor to a received crest factor to determine if spillover occurred. The received crest factor is received from the first meter. The example instructions cause the computing device to credit the media as a media exposure if spillover did not occur.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 100 including an example spillover manager 102 within a home processing system 104 implemented in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure to manage spillover to reduce (e.g., prevent) media monitoring inaccuracies in the system 100. In the illustrated example, a first meter 106 monitors media presented on a first media presentation device 108 in a first room 110 and a second meter 112 monitors media presented on a second media presentation device 114 in a second room 116. Either or both of the first and second media presentation devices 108, 114 may be, for example, a television, a radio, a computer, a stereo system, a DVD player, a game console, etc. Media may include, for example, television programming, radio programming, movies, songs, advertisements, Internet information such as websites and/or streaming media, and/or any other video information, audio information, still image information, and/or computer information to which a panelist (e.g., an example panelist 118) may be exposed. While two rooms 110, 116, two media presentation devices 108, 114, and two meters 106, 112 are shown in the example of FIG. 1, any number of rooms, media presentation devices, and/or meters in any configuration may be implemented in the example system 100.

In the illustrated example, to monitor media presented on the first and second media presentation devices 108, 114, the first and second meters 106, 112 process media signals (or portions thereof such as audio portions of the media signals) respectively output by the first and second media presentation devices 108, 114 to extract codes and/or metadata, and/or to generate signatures for use in identifying the media and/or a station (e.g., a broadcaster) originating the media.

Identification codes, such as watermarks, ancillary codes, etc. may be embedded within or otherwise transmitted with media signals. Identification codes are data that are inserted into media (e.g., audio) to uniquely identify broadcasters and/or media (e.g., content or advertisements), and/or are carried with the media for another purpose such as tuning (e.g., packet identifier headers (“PIDs”) used for digital broadcasting). Codes are typically extracted using a decoding operation.

Signatures are a representation of one or more characteristic(s) of the media signal (e.g., a characteristic of the frequency spectrum of the signal). Signatures can be thought of as fingerprints. They are typically not dependent upon insertion of identification codes in the media, but instead preferably reflect an inherent characteristic of the media and/or the media signal. Systems to utilize codes and/or signatures for audience measurement are long known. See, for example, Thomas, U.S. Pat. No. 5,481,294, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Codes, metadata, signatures, etc. collected and/or generated by the meters 106 and/or 112 for use in identifying media and/or a station transmitting media may be referred to generally as media monitoring data.

In the illustrated example, media monitoring data collected by the first meter 106 and/or the second meter 112 is transferred to the home processing system 104 for further processing. The first and second meters 106, 112 may be communicatively coupled with the home processing system 104 via wireless and/or hardwired communications and may periodically and/or aperiodically communicate collected monitoring information to the home processing system 104.

In the illustrated example, the home processing system 104 is communicatively coupled to a remotely located central data collection facility 120 via a network 122. The example home processing system 104 of FIG. 1 transfers collected media monitoring data to the central facility 120 for further processing. The central facility 120 of the illustrated example collects and/or stores, for example, media monitoring data and/or demographic information that is collected by multiple media monitoring devices such as, for example, the meters 106, 112, located at multiple panelist locations. The central facility 120 may be, for example, a facility associated with The Nielsen Company (US), LLC or any affiliate of The Nielsen Company (US), LLC. The central facility 120 of the illustrated example includes a server 124 and a database 126 that may be implemented using any suitable processor, memory and/or data storage apparatus such as that shown in FIG. 7. In some examples, the home processing system 104 is located in the central facility 120.

The network 122 of the illustrated example is used to communicate information and/or data between the example home processing system 104 and the central facility 120. The network 122 may be implemented using any type of public and/or private network such as, but not limited to, the Internet, a telephone network, a local area network (“LAN”), a cable network, and/or a wireless network. To enable communication via the network 122, the home processing system 104 of the illustrated example includes a communication interface that enables connection to an Ethernet, a digital subscriber line (“DSL”), a telephone line, a coaxial cable, and/or any wireless connection, etc.

Some methods for measuring media exposure or presentation track or log media presentations to which a panelist is exposed and award a media exposure credit to a media presentation when the panelist is in the vicinity of that media presentation. However, some such methods may produce inconsistent or inaccurate monitoring results due to spillover that occurs. For example, within the system 100, spillover may occur when the first media presentation device 108 is powered off (e.g., is not presenting media), but the first meter 106 associated with the first media presentation device 108 detects media being presented by the second media presentation device 114. In such an example, the first meter 106 will incorrectly credit the media presented at the second media presentation device 114 as being presented to the panelist 118. Recording media data that has spilled over from another space (e.g., the room 116) may result in an inaccurate representation of the media presented to the panelist 118. In some such examples, the panelist may not even know or be aware of the media, but the electronics of the meter 106 may still be sensitive enough to detect a code in the media.

The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example is used to manage spillover to reduce (e.g., prevent) media monitoring inaccuracies in the system 100. The example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 receives media monitoring data from the first example meter 106 and/or the second example meter 112 and analyzes the media monitoring data to determine if spillover has occurred. In the illustrated example, if the example spillover manager 102 detects spillover associated with the first meter 106 and/or the second meter 112, the media identified in the media monitoring data is not credited as actual media exposure for the meter/monitored media presentation device that experienced the spillover and the media monitoring data associated with the uncredited media is discarded and/or marked as invalid. In the illustrated example, if the example spillover manager 102 does not detect spillover associated with the first meter 106 and/or the second meter 112, the media identified in the media monitoring data is credited as actual media exposure(s). In the illustrated example, the spillover manager 102 sends media monitoring data associated with credited media to the example central facility 120. In some examples, the spillover manager 102 labels portion(s) of the media monitoring data as either associated with credited or uncredited media and sends the identified media monitoring data to the example central facility 120.

In the illustrated example, the spillover manager 102 detects spillover by analyzing crest factors associated with media presentations (e.g., crest factors of audio signal waveforms representative of media presentations). Particular media presentations (e.g., particular media content and/or advertisements) have particular crest factors associated with them (e.g., a particular crest factor may be expected from a particular media presentation). A crest factor expected from a particular media presentation may be referred to as an expected crest factor. The spillover manager 102 stores and/or accesses (e.g., from the central facility 120) expected crest factors for use in spillover detection.

In the illustrated example, the first and second meters 106, 112 receive media signals (e.g., audio) associated with media presentations (e.g., via microphones). In the illustrated example, in addition to collecting media monitoring data from the received media signals, the example first and second meters 106, 112 analyze audio waveforms of the media signals and calculate crest factors of the audio waveforms. The example first and second meters 106, 112 of the illustrated example calculate crest factors of the audio waveforms by dividing peak amplitudes of the waveforms by root mean square (RMS) values of the waveforms. The crest factors calculated by the example first and second meters 106, 112 are referred to as received crest factors because they represent the crest factors of the audio waveforms after they have been presented on the first and second media presentation devices 108, 114 and received at the first and second meters 106, 112. The first and second meters 106, 112 of the illustrated example timestamp the media monitoring data and the received crest factors and send the timestamped media monitoring data and received crest factors to the example spillover manager 102 for analysis.

The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example uses the media monitoring data to identify the media presented at the first and/or second media presentation device 108, 114. Once the media is identified, the spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example finds the expected crest factor for that media. To determine if spillover occurred, the spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example compares the expected crest factor for the identified media to the received crest factor provided by the example first and/or second meter 106, 112. If the received crest factor is similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., within a threshold amount), the example spillover manager 102 determines that spillover did not occur. Thus, the persons (e.g., the panelist 118) identified as present by a first people meter 128 associated with the first meter 106/first media presentation device 108 or a second people meter 130 associated with the second meter 112/second media presentation device 114 are credited as having been exposed to the media. If the received crest factor is not similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., within a threshold amount), the example spillover manager 102 determines that spillover occurred. Thus, the persons (e.g., the user 118) identified as present by the first people meter 128 or the second people 130 are not credited as having been exposed to the media. In some examples, when the example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 determines that spillover has occurred, the media is not credited as actual media exposure at the corresponding media presentation device (e.g., media presentation devices 108, 114).

For example, the first example meter 106 receives a media signal and calculates a received crest factor for the received media signal, in addition to collecting media monitoring data for the received media signal. In such an example, the first meter 106 sends the received crest factor and the media monitoring data to the example spillover manager 102. The example spillover manager 102 identifies the media (e.g., content or advertisement) from the media monitoring data and accesses (e.g., looks up in a local database or cache, retrieves from a remote database such as a database at the central facility 120) an expected crest factor associated with that media. If the received crest factor is similar to the expected crest factor, the example spillover manager 102 assumes the media was presented on the first example media presentation device 108 corresponding to the first meter 106 (i.e., the meter that provided the media monitoring data under analysis) and credits the media as an actual media exposure at the corresponding media presentation device. Thus, the persons identified as present by the first people meter 128 (e.g., the panelist 118) are credited as having been exposed to the media. If the received crest factor is not similar to the expected crest factor, the example spillover manager 102 assumes the media was not presented on the example media presentation device 108 (e.g., the media was presented on the media presentation device 114 and the media signal spilled over to the example meter 106), and does not credit the media as an actual media exposure (e.g., does not credit the media with exposure to the panelist 118).

While the spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example is shown within the example home processing system 104, the spillover manager 102 may be implemented at the first meter 106, the second meter 112, and/or at the central facility 120.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an example implementation of the first and second meters 106, 112 of FIG. 1. The meter 106, 112 of the illustrated example receives media signals (e.g., audio signals) from one or more media presentation devices (e.g., the media presentation device 108 and/or 114 of FIG. 1). In the illustrated example, the meter 106, 112 is used to collect media monitoring data (e.g., to extract and/or analyze codes and/or signatures from media signals output by a corresponding media presentation device 108, 114) and is used to calculate crest factors of the media signals. The meter 106, 112 of the illustrated example is used to collect, aggregate, locally process, and/or transfer media monitoring data and/or crest factors to the spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1. The meter 106, 112 of the illustrated example includes an example input 202, an example code collector 204, an example signature generator 206, example control logic 208, an example timestamper 210, an example database 212, an example transmitter 214, and an example crest factor calculator 216.

In the illustrated example, the input 202 is a microphone exposed to ambient sound and serves to collect audio signals output by media presentation devices (e.g., the media presentation device 108). To collect media monitoring data associated with the audio signals, the input 202 of the illustrated example passes a received audio signal to the code collector 204 and/or the signature generator 206. The code collector 204 of the illustrated example extracts codes and/or the signature generator 206 generates signatures from the signal to identify broadcasters, channels, stations, and/or programs. The control logic 208 of the illustrated example is used to control the code collector 204 and/or the signature generator 206 to cause collection of a code, a signature, or both a code and a signature. The identified codes and/or signatures (e.g., the media monitoring data) are timestamped at the example timestamper 210, are stored in the example database 212, and are transmitted by the example transmitter 214 to the spillover manager 102 at the home processing system 104. Although the example of FIG. 2A collects codes and/or signatures from audio signals, codes or signatures can additionally or alternatively be collected from other portion(s) of the signal (e.g., from the video portion).

The input 202 of the illustrated example also passes the received audio signal to the example crest factor calculator 216. The crest factor calculator 216 of the illustrated example calculates a crest factor for the received audio signal by dividing a peak amplitude of the signal by an RMS value of the signal. An example equation to calculate a crest factor is illustrated below.

$C = \frac{{x}_{peak}}{x_{rms}}$

FIG. 2B illustrates an example audio waveform 201 of an audio signal analyzed by the example crest factor calculator 216 of FIG. 2A. To calculate a crest factor of the example audio waveform 201, the example crest factor calculator 216 divides a peak amplitude value 203 of the example audio waveform 201 by an RMS value 205 of the example audio waveform 201.

Returning to the description of FIG. 2A, the crest factor calculated by the example crest factor calculator 216 is referred to as the received crest factor. The received crest factor is timestamped at the example timestamper 210, stored at the example database 212, and transmitted by the example transmitter 214 to the example spillover manager 102 with the media monitoring data.

While an example manner of implementing the meter 106, 112 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2A, one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in FIG. 2A may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example input 202, the example code collector 204, the example signature collector 206, the example control logic 208, the example timestamper 210, the example database 212, the example transmitter 214, the example crest factor calculator 216, and/or, more generally, the example meter 106, 112 of FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example input 202, the example code collector 204, the example signature collector 206, the example control logic 208, the example timestamper 210, the example database 212, the example transmitter 214, the example crest factor calculator 216, and/or, more generally, the example meter 106, 112 could be implemented by one or more circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc. When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example input 202, the example code collector 204, the example signature collector 206, the example control logic 208, the example timestamper 210, the example database 212, the example transmitter 214, the example crest factor calculator 216, and/or the example meter 106, 112 are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage device or storage disc such as a memory, DVD, CD, Blu-ray, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example meter 106, 112 of FIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 2A, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example implementation of the spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1. The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example receives media monitoring data and received crest factors from one or more meter(s) (e.g., the meters 106, 112 of FIG. 1). In the illustrated example, the spillover manager 102 uses the media monitoring data and received crest factors to determine whether spillover occurred (e.g., in the example system 100 of FIG. 1) and whether identified media programs are to be credited with actual exposure to a panelist. The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example is used to transfer credited media monitoring data (e.g., media monitoring data associated with credited media programs) to the central facility 120 of FIG. 1. The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example includes an example crest factor comparator 302, an example crest factor database 304, an example media creditor 306, and an example transmitter 308.

The crest factor comparator 302 of the illustrated example receives media monitoring data and received crest factors from the meter(s) (e.g., the first and second meters 106, 112 of FIG. 1). The crest factor comparator 302 of the illustrated example uses the example crest factor database 304 to identify media (e.g., media that was presented by the media presentation device 108 or 114) based on the media monitoring data and to identify an expected crest factor associated with the identified media. Particular media programs are identified in the example crest factor database 304 using the media monitoring data (e.g., using codes and/or signatures associated with the media). The crest factor database 304 of the illustrated example stores media (e.g., different media programs) along with expected crest factors associated with the media. For example, for each particular media program, the example crest factor database 304 stores an expected crest factor. Expected crest factors may be calculated and/or determined at, for example, a central facility (e.g., the central facility 120 of FIG. 1) prior to implementation of the example spillover manager 102 in the example system 100 of FIG. 1 and/or the spillover manager 102 may be implemented at the central facility 120 to process data collected from various meters.

Once the crest factor comparator 302 obtains the expected crest factor associated with the media, the crest factor comparator 302 of the illustrated example compares the expected crest factor to the received crest factor (e.g., the received crest factor received from the meter(s)). If the received crest factor is similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., if a difference between the received crest factor and the expected crest factor is within a threshold amount), the crest factor comparator 302 of the illustrated example determines spillover did not occur and instructs the example media creditor 306 to credit the media as an actual media exposure. If the received crest factor is not similar to the expected crest factor (e.g., if the difference between the received crest factor and the expected crest factor is not within the threshold amount), the crest factor comparator 302 of the illustrated example determines that spillover did occur and instructs the example media creditor 306 to not credit the media as an actual media exposure. An example threshold amount is 6 decibels (dB).

The media creditor 306 of the illustrated example credits/does not credit media as actual media exposure based on the output of the example crest factor comparator 302. If the example crest factor comparator 302 determines that spillover did not occur, the media creditor 306 of the illustrated example marks the media monitoring data associated with the media as credited. If the example crest factor comparator 302 determines that spillover did occur, the media creditor 306 of the illustrated example discards the media monitoring data associated with the media. In some examples, rather than discarding the media monitoring data associated with the media that is not credited, the example media creditor 306 marks the media monitoring data associated with the media as uncredited.

The transmitter 308 of the illustrated example transmits the credited media monitoring data to a central facility (e.g., the central facility 120 of FIG. 1) for further processing. In some examples, where the example media creditor 306 does not discard the uncredited media monitoring data, the example transmitter 308 transmits the credited media monitoring data and the uncredited media monitoring data to the central facility 120 for further processing.

While an example manner of implementing the spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 3, one or more of the elements, processes and/or devices illustrated in FIG. 3 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the example crest factor comparator 302, the example crest factor database 304, the example media creditor 306, the example transmitter 308, and/or, more generally, the example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example crest factor comparator 302, the example crest factor database 304, the example media creditor 306, the example transmitter 308, and/or, more generally, the example spillover manager 102 could be implemented by one or more circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc. When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example crest factor comparator 302, the example crest factor database 304, the example media creditor 306, the example transmitter 308, and/or the example spillover manager 102 are hereby expressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage device or storage disc such as a memory, DVD, CD, Blu-ray, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processes and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 3, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes and devices.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions for implementing the meter 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the spillover manager 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3 are shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6. In this example, the machine readable instructions comprise a program for execution by a processor such as the processor 712 shown in the example processor platform 700 discussed below in connection with FIG. 7. The program may be embodied in software stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 712, but the entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 712 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program is described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6, many other methods of implementing the example meter 106 and the example spillover manager 102 may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storage medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signals. As used herein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangible machine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machine readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable device or disc and to exclude propagating signals. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” is open ended.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1 to manage audio spillover in the example system 100 of FIG. 1. The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example is used to manage spillover to reduce (e.g., prevent) media monitoring inaccuracies in the system 100.

The example spillover manager 102 determines if media monitoring data has been received (block 402). The example spillover manager 102 is to receive media monitoring data from one or more meter(s) (e.g., the first and/or second meters 106, 112 of FIG. 1). The media monitoring data is representative of media that has been presented on one or more media presentation device(s) (e.g., the first and/or second media presentation devices 108, 114 of FIG. 1). Control remains at block 402 until media monitoring data is received by the example spillover manager 102).

The example spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example analyzes the media monitoring data to determine if spillover has occurred (block 404). An example method to determine if spillover has occurred is described below with reference to FIG. 6. If the example spillover manager 102 detects spillover associated with the first and/or second meters 106, 112 based on the media monitoring data, the media identified in the media monitoring data is not credited as an actual media exposure (block 406) and the media monitoring data associated with the uncredited media is discarded (block 408). Control then returns to block 402. In some examples, rather than discarding the uncredited media monitoring data, the example spillover manager 102 identifies the media monitoring data as uncredited media and exports the uncredited media monitoring data to a central facility (e.g., the example central facility 120).

If the example spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example does not detect spillover associated with the first and/or the second meter 106, 112, the media identified in the media monitoring data is credited as an actual media exposure (block 410). The example spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example exports media monitoring data associated with credited media to the example central facility 120 (block 412). Control then returns to block 402 when the instructions are complete.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example meter 106, 112 of FIG. 1 to collect media monitoring data and to calculate crest factors. In the illustrated example, to collect media monitoring data, the meter 106, 112 extracts and/or analyzes codes and/or signatures from data and/or signals received from one or more media presentation devices (e.g., the first and/or the second media presentation devices 108, 114 of FIG. 1).

Initially, the example input 202 obtains a signal (e.g., an audio signal) from the one or more media presentation devices (e.g., the first and/or the second media presentation devices 108, 114) (block 502). The example control logic 208 determines whether to collect a code or generate a signature from the signal obtained at the input 202 (block 504). In the illustrated example, either a code is collected or a signature is generated from the signal. In other examples, both a code and a signature are collected and/or generated.

If a code is to be collected, the example code collector 204 collects a code from the signal obtained at the input 202 (block 506). The example code collector 204 passes the collected code(s) to the timestamper 210. If a signature is to be generated, the signature generator 206 generates a signature from the signal obtained at the input 202 (block 508). The example signature generator 206 passes the generated signature(s) to the timestamper 210.

The example crest factor calculator 216 calculates a crest factor of the signal obtained at the input 202 (block 510). The example crest factor calculator 216 passes the received crest factor to the example timestamper 210. The example timestamper 210 timestamps the collected codes and/or generated signatures and the received crest factor (block 512). The example timestamper 210 passes the collected codes and/or generated signatures and the received crest factor to the example database 212. The example database 212 stores the collected codes and/or generated signatures and the received crest factor (block 514). The example transmitter 214 periodically and/or aperiodically transmits the collected codes and/or generated signatures and the received crest factor to the spillover manager 102 of FIG. 1. Control then returns to block 502 when the instructions are completed. In some examples, the meter 106, 112 may collect and timestamp the data, and periodically or aperiodically export the timestamped data for analysis by the spillover manager 102 (which may be located at the panelist site or at the central facility). In such examples, blocks 504-510 and 514 are not performed in the meter 106, 112, and blocks 512 and 516 are modified to operate on the received signal (as opposed to on codes, signatures, and/or crest factors).

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example spillover manager 102 of FIG. 3 to manage audio spillover in the example system 100 of FIG. 1 using crest factors. The spillover manager 102 of the illustrated example is used to manage spillover to reduce media monitoring inaccuracies in the system 100.

The example spillover manager 102 receives media monitoring data and received crest factors from one or more meter(s) (e.g., the first and/or second meters 106, 112 of FIG. 1) (block 602). The example spillover manager 102 uses the media monitoring data and received crest factors to determine whether spillover occurred (e.g., in the example system 100 of FIG. 1) and whether media programs are to be credited as actual media exposure.

The example crest factor comparator 302 uses the example crest factor database 304 to identify media (e.g., media that was presented at the first and/or the second media presentation device 108, 114) associated with the media monitoring data (block 604) and to identify an expected crest factor associated with the identified media (block 606). Particular media programs are identified in the example crest factor database 304 using the media monitoring data (e.g., using codes and/or signatures associated with the media). The example crest factor database 304 stores media (e.g., different media programs) along with expected crest factors associated with the media.

The example crest factor comparator 302 compares a difference between the expected crest factor and the received crest factor (e.g., the received crest factor received from the first and/or the second meter 106, 112) to a threshold (block 608). If the difference between the received crest factor and the expected crest factor is not within the threshold amount (e.g., is greater than the threshold), the example crest factor comparator 302 determines that spillover did occur and instructs the example media creditor 306 not to credit the media as an actual media exposure (block 610). If the example crest factor comparator 302 determines that spillover did occur, the example media creditor 306 discards the media monitoring data associated with the media (block 612). Control then returns to block 602. In some examples, rather than discarding the media monitoring data associated with the media that is not credited, the example media creditor 306 marks the media monitoring data associated with the media as uncredited.

If the difference between the received crest factor and the expected crest factor is within a threshold amount (e.g., less than the threshold) (block 608), the example crest factor comparator 302 determines spillover did not occur and the example media creditor 306 credits the media as an actual media exposure (block 614). In particular, the example media creditor 306 marks the media monitoring data associated with the media as credited (block 614). The example transmitter 308 transmits the credited media monitoring data to a central facility (e.g., the central facility 120 of FIG. 1) for further processing (block 616). In some examples, where the example media creditor 306 does not discard the uncredited media monitoring data, the example transmitter 308 transmits the credited media monitoring data and the uncredited media monitoring data to the central facility 120 for further processing (block 616). Control then returns to block 602 when the instructions are complete.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 700 capable of executing the instructions of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 to implement the meter 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the spillover manager 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3. The processor platform 700 can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, a tablet such as an iPad™), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an Internet appliance, a DVD player, a CD player, a digital video recorder, a Blu-ray player, a gaming console, a personal video recorder, a set top box, or any other type of computing device.

The processor platform 700 of the illustrated example includes a processor 712. The processor 712 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 712 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 712 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 713 (e.g., a cache). The processor 712 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 714 and a non-volatile memory 716 via a bus 718. The volatile memory 714 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 716 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 714, 716 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 700 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 720. The interface circuit 720 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 722 are connected to the interface circuit 720. The input device(s) 722 permit a user to enter data and commands into the processor 712. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 724 are also connected to the interface circuit 720 of the illustrated example. The output devices 724 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactile output device, a light emitting diode (LED), a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit 720 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card.

The interface circuit 720 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 726 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 700 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 728 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 728 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAID systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

The coded instructions 732 of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 may be stored in the mass storage device 728, in the volatile memory 714, in the non-volatile memory 716, and/or on a removable tangible computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to credit media, comprising comparing a first crest factor stored in association with a media identifier to a second crest factor calculated by a first meter, the second crest factor corresponding to a ratio of a peak amplitude of an audio signal and a root mean square value of the audio signal; determining that spillover did not occur if a difference between the first crest factor and the second crest factor satisfies a threshold; and when the spillover did not occur, crediting a media exposure to media associated with the audio signal.
 2. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising associating the credited media with a person indicated by a second meter as being present in the same room in which the first meter is located.
 3. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprising discarding media monitoring data associated with the media identifier when spillover did occur.
 4. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein crediting the media exposure to the media includes marking media monitoring data associated with the media identifier as credited.
 5. A method as defined in claim 4, further comprising further comprising transmitting the marked media monitoring data to a central facility.
 6. A method as defined in 1, wherein the threshold is six decibels.
 7. A spillover manager to credit media, comprising: a crest factor comparator to: compare a first crest factor stored in association with a media identifier to a second crest factor calculated by a first meter, the second crest factor corresponding to a ratio of a peak amplitude of an audio signal and a root mean square value of the audio signal, and determine that spillover did not occur if a difference between the first crest factor and the second crest factor satisfies a threshold; and a media creditor to credit a media exposure to media associated with the audio signal when the spillover did not occur.
 8. A spillover manager as defined in claim 7, wherein the media creditor is to associate the credited media with a person indicated by a second meter as being present in the same room in which the first meter is located.
 9. A spillover manager as defined in claim 7, wherein the media creditor is to discard media monitoring data associated with the media identifier when spillover did occur.
 10. A spillover manager as defined in claim 7, wherein when the media creditor credits the media exposure to the media, the media creditor is to mark media monitoring data associated with the media identifier as credited.
 11. A spillover manager as defined in claim 10, wherein the media creditor is to transmit the marked media monitoring data to a central facility.
 12. A spillover manager as defined in claim 7, wherein the threshold is six decibels.
 13. A tangible computer readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a computing device to at least: compare a first crest factor stored in association with a media identifier to a second crest factor calculated by a first meter, the second crest factor corresponding to a ratio of a peak amplitude of an audio signal and a root mean square value of the audio signal; determine that spillover did not occur if a difference between the first crest factor and the second crest factor satisfies a threshold; and credit a media exposure to media associated with the audio signal when the spillover did not occur.
 14. A computer readable storage medium as defined in claim 13, wherein the instructions further cause the computing device to associate the credited media with a person indicated by a second meter as being present in the same room in which the first meter is located.
 15. A computer readable storage medium as defined in claim 13, wherein the instructions further cause the computing device to discard media monitoring data associated with the media identifier when spillover did occur.
 16. A computer readable storage medium as defined in claim 13, wherein crediting the media with the media exposure includes marking media monitoring data associated with the media identifier as credited.
 17. A computer readable storage medium as defined in claim 16, wherein the instructions further cause the computing device to transmit the marked media monitoring data to a central facility.
 18. A computer readable storage medium as defined in claim 13, wherein the threshold is six decibels. 